Evaluating Vietnam’s higher education modernization in the digital era: an Education 5.0–oriented policy review
Abstract
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Q. T. Kieu, "Designing internships for the development of digital skills of agricultural students in Vietnam," Problems of Education in the 21st Century, vol. 81, no. 5, pp. 627-646, Oct. 2023, doi: 10.33225/pec/23.81.627.
D. T. Tu, B. T. H. Linh, N. H. X. Truong, T. T. M. Nguyet, and H. M. Linh, "Digital workforce training: An empirical study of higher education institutions in Vietnam," Multidisciplinary Reviews, vol. 8, no. 11, p. 2025347, May. 2025, doi: 10.31893/multirev.2025347.
N. M. Tri and P. D. Hoang, "The Impact of Digital Transformation in Higher Education: The Case Study from Vietnam," Journal of Higher Education Theory and Practice, vol. 23, no. 5, pp. 17-26, Mar. 2023, doi: 10.33423/jhetp.v23i5.5922.
T. L. A. Nguyen, L. D. L. Pham, and N. T. Trinh, "Human Resource Development for Digital Transformation in Vietnam: A Need for Reconceptualizing Digital Skills and Competence," VNU Journal of Science: Policy and Management Studies, vol. 38 no. 3, pp. 51-61, Sep. 2022, doi: 10.25073/2588-1116/vnupam.4415.
H. L. Nguyen, B. Dang, Y. Hong, and A. Nguyen, "Digital transformation in Vietnamese higher education: an epistemic network analysis of policy documents," Journal of International Cooperation in Education, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 138-156, Jul. 2024, doi: 10.1108/JICE-03-2024-0010.
P. L. Nguyen, H. T. T. Nguyen, B. T. Truong, K. T. Mai, and M. L. Duc, "Digital Competence for University Lecturers in Vietnam: A Case Study Result at 10 Universities," International Journal of Religion, vol. 5, no. 10, pp. 26-42, May. 2024, doi: 10.61707/y3867b46.
V. T. T. Huyen, "Human resource development for high-quality marketing: research in vietnam to meet the demands of development and international economic integration," International Journal of Management & Entrepreneurship Research, vol. 5, no. 12, p. 1054, Dec. 2023, doi: 10.51594/ijmer.v5i12.652.
P. D. Eckel, "Governing Appropriately: Autonomy and Bureaucratic Capacity," in Cambridge Education Research, Governing Universities in Post-Soviet Countries: From a Common Start, 1991–2021, P. D. Eckel, Ed., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2023, pp. 214-230. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009105224.023
Ü. Deniz, "Main problems of higher education and quests for reform in Turkey," Anatolian Journal of Education, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 173-192, Oct. 2022, doi: 10.29333/aje.2022.7214a.
S. Gülen, İ. Dönmez, and Ş. İdil, "Towards a New Societal Paradigm: The Components, Challenges, and Opportunities of Society 5.0," Journal of STEAM Education, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 55-73, Jun. 2024. [Online]. Available: https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/steam/article/1482707.
O. Petrychenko, I. Petrichenko, I. Burmaka, and A. Vynohradova, "Changes in modern university: challenges of today and development trends," Transport Systems and Technologies, vol. 2023, no. 41, pp. 74-83, Jun. 2023, doi: 10.32703/2617-9059-2023-41-6.
T. L. Dinh, T. D. Le, S. Uwizeyemungu, and C. Pelletier, "Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence in Higher Education: A Framework for Systematic Literature Reviews," Information, vol. 16, no. 3, p. 240, Mar. 2025, doi: 10.3390/info16030240.
S. S. Hamedani, S. Aslam, B. A. M. Oraibi, Y. B. Wah, and S. S. Hamedani, "Transitioning towards Tomorrow’s Workforce: Education 5.0 in the Landscape of Society 5.0: A Systematic Literature Review," Education Sciences, vol. 14, no. 10, p. 1041, Sep. 2024, doi: 10.3390/educsci14101041.
L. Weisberg and K. Dawson, "Picturing digital equity in the curriculum: Cultivating preservice teachers’ digital equity mindsets in a technology integration course," Computers & Education, vol. 211, p. 104988, Apr. 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.compedu.2024.104988.
T. Tate and M. Warschauer, "Equity in online learning," Educational Psychologist, vol. 57, no. 3, pp. 192-206, Jun. 2022, doi: 10.1080/00461520.2022.2062597.
K. Arar, A. Saiti, and G. Prokopiadou, "Higher education and equitable life-long learning for diversified students in the digital era," Higher Education Governance & Policy, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 19-30, Jun. 2021. [Online]. Available: https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/1640948.
P. M. Nguyen, T. M. N. Luu, X. H. Nghiem, H. T. T. Tran, and V. T. Dinh, "Measuring the digital maturity of universities: A literature review and a proposed model for Vietnam," Journal of Economics and Management, vol. 47, pp. 485-513, Sep. 2025, doi: 10.22367/jem.2025.47.18.
L. Law, "Application of generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) in language teaching and learning: A scoping literature review," Computers and Education Open, vol. 6, p. 100174, Jun. 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.caeo.2024.100174.
S. Chakraborty, "Generative AI in Modern Education Society," 2024, arXiv:2412.08666. [Online]. Available: https://arxiv.org/abs/2412.08666
OECD, OECD Digital Education Outlook 2026: Exploring Effective Uses of Generative AI in Education, Paris: OECD Publishing, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1787/062a7394-en.
A. Krebs, "Redefining the Role of Educators in an AI-Enriched Educational Landscape – a project proposal," in 7th International Academic Conference on Education, Teaching and Learning, Stockholm, Sweden, Aug. 2-4 2024, vol. 1, no. 1, 2024, pp. 19-28, doi: 10.33422/iacetl.v1i1.598. [Online]. Available: https://www.dpublication.com/conference-proceedings/index.php/iacetl/article/view/598
M. Ally and S. Mishra, "Policies for Artificial Intelligence in Higher Education: A Call for Action," Canadian Journal of Learning and Technology, vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 1-12, Apr. 2024, doi: 10.21432/cjlt28869.
C. K. Y. Chan, "A comprehensive AI policy education framework for university teaching and learning," International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, vol. 20, no. 1, p. 38, Jul. 2023, doi: 10.1186/s41239-023-00408-3.
M. I. I. Alfiras, A. Q. Emran, and A. M. Mohamed, "Ethics and governance of generative AI in education: a systematic review on responsible adoption," Discover Education, vol. 5, no. 1, p. 37, Dec. 2025, doi: 10.1007/s44217-025-01051-y.
R. Selvaratnam and L. Venaruzzo, "Governance of artificial intelligence and data in Australasian higher education: A snapshot of policy and practice," ACODE, Canberra, Australia, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://open-publishing.org/publications/index.php/APUB/article/view/717
F. Miao and W. Holmes, Guidance for generative AI in education and research, Paris: UNESCO Publishing, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.54675/EWZM9535.
Y. Yan, H. Liu, and T. Chau, "A Systematic Review of AI Ethics in Education," Journal of Global Information Management, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 1-50, Jan. 2025, doi: 10.4018/JGIM.386381.
J. Zhu, "AI ethics with Chinese characteristics? Concerns and preferred solutions in Chinese academia," AI and Society, vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 1261-1274, Oct. 2024, doi: 10.1007/s00146-022-01578-w.
C. Wu, H. Zhang, and J. M. Carroll, "AI Governance in Higher Education: Case Studies of Guidance at Big Ten Universities," 2024, arXiv:2409.02017. [Online]. Available: https://arxiv.org/abs/2409.02017
M. Li et al., "A Framework for Developing University Policies on Generative AI Governance: A Cross-national Comparative Study," 2025, arXiv:2504.02636. [Online]. Available: https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.02636
Y. Kosbar, "TransformED Futures: Towards Human-Centred, Ethical and Inclusive Use and Governance of AI in Higher Education," World Futures Review, Jan. 2026, doi: 10.1177/19467567251406292.
D. Šimić et al., "HELA-CMM: capability maturity model for adoption of learning analytics in higher education," International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, vol. 22, no. 1, p. 25, Apr. 2025, doi: 10.1186/s41239-025-00509-1.
E. Freitas et al., "MMALA: Developing and Evaluating a Maturity Model for Adopting Learning Analytics," Journal of Learning Analytics, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 67-86, Mar. 2024, doi: 10.18608/jla.2024.8099.
K. Williamson and R. Kizilcec, "A Review of Learning Analytics Dashboard Research in Higher Education: Implications for Justice, Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion," presented at the LAK22: 12th International Learning Analytics and Knowledge Conference, Online, USA, Mar. 21-25, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1145/3506860.3506900.
M. I. K. Shafee, S. M. Sabri, I. Ismail, N. Z. A. Hamid, and N. A. M. Khushairi, "Digital Education in ASEAN: A Strategic Framework for Sustainable Growth," International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, vol. 9, no. 24, p. 739, Oct. 2025, doi: 10.47772/IJRISS.2025.924ILEIID005.
T. Gkrimpizi, V. Peristeras, and I. Magnisalis, "Defining the Meaning and Scope of Digital Transformation in Higher Education Institutions," Administrative Sciences, vol. 14, no. 3, p. 48, Mar. 2024, doi: 10.3390/admsci14030048.
L. F. Santos, "Internationalisation in the digital transformation: A scoping review," Higher Education Quarterly, vol. 78, no. 3, pp. 807-824, Dec. 2024, doi: 10.1111/hequ.12488.
D. Mhlanga, "Digital transformation of education, the limitations and prospects of introducing the fourth industrial revolution asynchronous online learning in emerging markets," Discover Education, vol. 3, no. 1, p. 32, Mar. 2024, doi: 10.1007/s44217-024-00115-9.
T. N. Nguyen and H. T. Truong, "Key Drivers of Vietnam’s Digital Education Ecosystem: An Exploratory Factor Analysis Aligned With Sustainable Development Goals," Eurasian Society of Educational Research, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 211-222, Jan. 2026, doi: 10.12973/eu-jer.15.1.211.
Q. Xia, X. Weng, F. Ouyang, T. J. Lin, and T. K. F. Chiu, "A scoping review on how generative artificial intelligence transforms assessment in higher education," International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, vol. 21, no. 1, p. 40, May. 2024, doi: 10.1186/s41239-024-00468-z.
J. Liang, J. M. Stephens, and G. T. L. Brown, "A systematic review of the early impact of artificial intelligence on higher education curriculum, instruction, and assessment," (in English), Frontiers in Education, vol. 10, p. 1522841, Apr. 2025, doi: 10.3389/feduc.2025.1522841.
H. T. M. Bui, S. Shoaib, L. T. Tran, V. H. T. Vu, and Y. Baruch, "University’s shared vision for research and teaching: an international comparative study," Higher Education, vol. 88, no. 1, pp. 61-84, Sep. 2024, doi: 10.1007/s10734-023-01105-w.
J. Spannagel and K. Kinzelbach, "The Academic Freedom Index and Its indicators: Introduction to new global time-series V-Dem data," Quality & Quantity, vol. 57, no. 5, pp. 3969-3989, Oct. 2023, doi: 10.1007/s11135-022-01544-0.
M. Nao, P. Wingrove, D. Yuksel, B. Zuaro, and A. K. Hultgren, "University autonomy and the increasing shift to English in academic programmes at European universities: In dialogue with Liviu Matei," Sociolinguistica, vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 287-299, Dec. 2023, doi: 10.1515/soci-2023-0012.
Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam. (2013, Nov. 4). Resolution No. 29-NQ/TW on fundamental and comprehensive innovation in education and training. [Online] Available: https://thuvienphapluat.vn/van-ban/Thuong-mai/Nghi-quyet-29-NQ-TW-nam-2013-doi-moi-can-ban-toan-dien-giao-duc-dao-tao-hoi-nhap-quoc-te-212441.aspx
Government of Vietnam. (2023, Apr. 1). Resolution No. 71/NQ-CP of the Government: On the draft Resolution of the National Assembly on piloting the use of regular expenditure funds from the state budget to renovate, upgrade, expand, and construct new items in existing facilities and works. [Online] Available: https://vanban.chinhphu.vn/?pageid=27160&docid=213308
Government of Vietnam. (2022, Jan. 25). Decision No. 131/QD-TTg of the Prime Minister: Approving the Project “Strengthening the application of information technology and digital transformation in education and training in the period 2022 - 2025, with orientation to 2030”. [Online] Available: https://vanban.chinhphu.vn/?pageid=27160&docid=205236&classid=0
Central Steering Committee for Science, Technology, Innovation, and Digital Transformation. (2025, Sep. 30). Notice No. 45-TB/TGV on implementing the innovation ecosystem and digital transformation in higher education. [Online] Available: https://thuvienphapluat.vn/van-ban/Cong-nghe-thong-tin/Thong-bao-45-TB-TGV-2025-danh-gia-hien-trang-he-thong-doi-moi-sang-tao-quoc-gia-675063.aspx
Ministry of Education and Training of Vietnam. (2024, Aug. 14). Official document No. 4324/BGDĐT-CNTT dated August 14, 2024, from the Ministry of Education and Training on guiding the implementation of tasks related to the application of information technology, digital transformation, and educational statistics for the 2024-2025 school year. [Online] Available: https://moet.gov.vn/giaoducquocdan/tang-cuong-ung-dung-cntt/Pages/Default.aspx%3FItemID=9720
UNESCO, Reimagining our futures together: A new social contract for education, Paris: UNESCO Publishing, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.54675/ASRB4722.
E. Mukul and G. Büyüközkan, "Digital transformation in education: A systematic review of education 4.0," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, vol. 194, p. 122664, Sep. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.techfore.2023.122664.
N. Ghamrawi and R. M. Tamim, "A typology for digital leadership in higher education: the case of a large-scale mobile technology initiative (using tablets)," Education and Information Technologies, vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 7089-7110, Nov. 2023, doi: 10.1007/s10639-022-11483-w.
U. N. T. Nguyen and D. Kember, "University lecturers’ conceptions of online teaching in distance education courses in Vietnamese higher education," Higher Education, vol. 87, no. 4, pp. 1157-1175, Jun. 2024, doi: 10.1007/s10734-023-01058-0.
D. Mhlanga and T. Moloi, "COVID-19 and the Digital Transformation of Education: What Are We Learning on 4IR in South Africa?," Education Sciences, vol. 10, no. 7, p. 180, Jul. 2020, doi: 10.3390/educsci10070180.
Y. Sun, H. Cui, Y. Han, and X. Tong, "Current Status and Implications of International Higher Education Governance Research," in Advances in Computer Science Research, vol. 100, Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Internet, Education and Information Technology (IEIT 2022), A. El-Hashash, F. D. Hutagalung, A. S. Ghonim, and K. Zhang, Eds., Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2022, pp. 706-712. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6463-058-9_111
T. Q. Nguyen, V. T. Nguyen, and T. P. Nguyen, "Ho Chi Minh’s thoughts on the education of the young Vietnamese generation today," Perspektivy Nauki i Obrazovania – Perspectives of Science and Education, vol. 62, no. 2, pp. 562-577, May. 2023, doi: 10.32744/pse.2023.2.33.
DOI: http://doi.org/10.11591/ijere.v15i5.38699
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2026 Thuy Nhu Thi Nguyen, Quyet Thi Nguyen
International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education (IJERE)
p-ISSN: 2252-8822, e-ISSN: 2620-5440
The journal is published by Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science (IAES).

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.